The 2022 Pretoria peace deal that ended large-scale fighting in Ethiopia's Tigray region has faltered, leading to renewed conflict and the formation of an anti-government alliance.

• The agreement, signed by the Ethiopian government and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front, failed to achieve a comprehensive political settlement, leaving underlying disputes unresolved.
• The deal required the withdrawal of Eritrean and non-federal forces, accountability for war crimes, and restoration of Tigray's self-rule, but these broader objectives were not met.
• Fighting has resumed with air and drone strikes, and seven armed organizations, including former adversaries, have allied to challenge Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed’s government, increasing the risk of wider regional confrontation.